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👉Earth attracts every body towards itself with a force known as ‘grav-ity’. Due to the force of gravity the ball thrown upwards doesn’t go upwards but it falls downwards after covering some vertical distance.Actually, every object attracts every other object towards itself with a force. This force is called the gravitational force. Gravita-tional force is one among the four fundamental forces. It is always attractive in nature.
NEWTON'S UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATIONAL
👉Newton came to the conclusion that any two objects in the Universe exert gravitational attraction on each other.Any two particles of matter anywhere in the universe attract each other with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
MASS AND WEIGHT
👉The quantity of matter in a body is known as the mass of the body. Mass is quantitative measure of inertia. Mass is an intrinsic property of matter and does not change as an object is moved from one location to another.
Weight, in contrast, is the gravitational force that the earth exerts on the object and can vary, depending on how far the object is above the earth’s surface or whether it is located near another body such as the moon.
KEPLER'S LAW OF PLANETORY MOTION
👉Kepler worked out three laws, which govern the motion of planets and are known as Kepler’s laws of planetary motion.
🥇KEPLER'S 1ST LAW:-Planets move around the sun in an elliptical orbits, and sun is situated in the centre of foci.
🥈KEPLER'S 2ND LAW:--The line that defines the distance between the sun and the planet sweeps equal area in equal interval of time.
🥉KEPLER'S 3RD LAW:- The squares the orbital periods of the planet are directly proportional to the cubes of the semi major axis of their orbit.
TYPES OF SATELLITE
Geo-stationary satellite
👉A satellite which appears to be stationary for a person on the surface of the Earth is called geostationary satellite. It is also known as Communication Satellite or Synchronous Satellite.
Polar Satellite
👉Polar Satellites go around the poles of the earth in north-south direction and the earth rotates around its axis in east-west direction. The altitude of polar satellite is around 500 to 800 km and its time period is around 100 minutes.
Elasticity
👉The property of the body by virtue of which it tends to regain its original shape and size after removing the deforming force is called elasticity
Stress
The internal restoring force acting per unit area of a body is called stress
Strain
When a deforming force is applied on a body, there is a change in the configuration of the body. The body is said to be strained or deformed. The ratio of change in configuration to the original configuration is called strain.
Hooks Law
👉Elastic limit is the upper limit of deforming force up to which, if deforming force is removed, the body regains its original form completely and beyond which if deforming force is increased, the body loses its property of elasticity and gets permanently deformed.
Archimedes Principle
👉A body immersed in a fluid partly or wholly experiences an upward buoyant force equivalent to the weight of the fluid displaced by it. The buoyant force acts through the centre of gravity of the displaced fluid. The phenomenon of force exerted by fluid on the body is called buoyancy and the force is called buoyant force. A body experiences buoyant force whether it floats or sinks, under its own weight or due to other forces applied on it. Body float, if weight of it is less than buoyant force and sink, if weight of the body is greater than buoyant force.
Surface Energy
👉According to molecular theory of surface tension the molecules in the surface have some additional energy due to their position. This additional energy per unit area of the surface is called surface energy.
Streamline flow
When a liquid (fluid) flows, such that each particle of the liquid passing a point moves along the same path and has the same velocity as its predecessor then the flow is called stream line flow. It is also called laminar flow.
Turbulent flow
When the velocity at a point in the liquid changes with time the f low is called unsteady flow.
Bernoulli Theoram
👉When incompressible, non-viscous, irrotational liquid i.e., ideal liquid flow from one position to other in streamline path then in its path at every point, the sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy per unit volume remains constant.
Viscosity
👉The property of a fluid by virtue of which it opposes the relative motion between its different layers is known as viscosity and the force that is into play is called the viscous force.
Stokes Law
👉When a solid moves through a viscous medium, its motion is opposed by a viscous force depending on the velocity and shape and size of the body.
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